Overall, the therapeutic effects are attributed to their ability to modulate immune responses, reduce inflammation, and promote tissue repair and regeneration. These properties make them a promising tool in regenerative medicine for conditions such as osteoarthritis, bulging and herniated discs, arthritis, degenerative discs, muscular dystrophies, and other musculoskeletal disorders.

Mechanism of action

•  Regeneration of Damaged Tissues: stem cells differentiate into specialized cells, such as chondrocytes (cartilage cells), osteoblasts (bone cells), or tenocytes (tendon cells), which contribute to tissue regeneration.
• Anti-Inflammatory Effects: stem cells reduce inflammation in affected tissues, which is a major contributor to pain and further degeneration in musculoskeletal and disc diseases, they do it through modulating the immune response by secreting anti-inflammatory cytokines and inhibit pro-inflammatory cytokines, reducing inflammation and swelling.
• Immunomodulation: MSCs interact with immune cells, including T-cells, B-cells, and macrophages, to shift the response from a pro-inflammatory (M1 macrophages) to an anti-inflammatory (M2 macrophages) state. This reduces autoimmune responses and chronic inflammation.
• Pain Reduction: By reducing inflammation, repairing damaged tissues, and stabilizing joints or discs, MSCs indirectly reduce mechanical and inflammatory pain. Some studies suggest that MSCs may also influence pain pathways by modulating sensory nerve activity.